Introduction

This page provides a comprehensive analysis of the known insider trading history of Peter Solvik. Insiders are officers, directors, or significant investors in a company. It is illegal for insiders to make trades in their companies based on specific, non-public information. This does not mean it is illegal for them to make any trades in their own companies. However, they must report all trades to the SEC via a Form 4. Despite these restrictions, academic research suggests that insiders - in general - tend to outperform the market in their own companies.

Average Trade Profitability

The average trade profitability is the average return of all the open market purchases made by the insider in the last three years. To calculate this, we examine every open-market, unplanned purchase made by the insider, excluding all trades that were marked as part of a 10b5-1 trading plan. We then calculate the average performance of those trades over 3, 6, and 12 months, averaging each of those durations to generate a final performance metric for each trade. Finally, we average all of the performance metrics to calculate a performance metric for the insider. This list only includes insiders that have made at least three trades in the last two years.

If this insiders trade profitability is "N/A", then the insider either has not made any open-market purchases in the last three years, or the trades they’ve made are too recent to calculate a reliable performance metric.

Update Frequency: Daily

See the list of most profitable insider traders.

Companies with Reported Insider Positions

The SEC filings indicate Peter Solvik has reported holdings or trades in the following companies:

Security Title Latest Reported Holdings
US:DOCU / DocuSign, Inc. Director 6,783
How to Interpret the Charts

The following charts show the stock performance of securities subsequent to each open-market, non-planned trade made by Peter Solvik. Non-planned trade are trades that were not made as part of a 10b5-1 trading plan. The stock performance is charted as cumulative percent change in share price. For example, if an insider trade was made on January 1, 2019, the chart will show the daily percent change of the security to the present day. If the share price were to go from $10 to $15 during this time, the cumulative percent change in share price would be 50%. A change in price from $10 to $20 would be 100%, and a change in price of $10 to $5 would be -50%.

Ultimately, we are trying to determine how closely the insider’s trades correlate to excess returns (positive or negative) in the share price in order to see if the insider is timing their trades to profit from insider information. Consider the situation where an insider was doing this. In this situation, we would expect either (a) positive returns after purchases, or (b) negative returns after sales. In the case of (a), the PURCHASE chart would show a series of upwardly sloping curves, indicating positive returns after each purchase transaction. In the case of (b), the SALE chart would show a series of downward sloping curves, indicating negative returns after each sale transaction.

However, this alone is not enough to draw conclusions. If, for example, the share price of the company was in a non-cyclical climb over many years, then we would expect all the post-purchase plots to be upwardly sloping. Likewise, non-cyclical declines over many years would result in downward sloping post-trade plots. Neither of these charts would suggest insider trading activity.

The strongest indicator would be a situation where the share price was extremely cyclical, and there were both positive signals in the PURCHASE chart and negative plots on the SALE chart. This situation would be highly suggestive of an insider that was timing trades to their financial advantage.

Insider Trading History

This table shows the complete list of insider trades made by Peter Solvik as disclosed to the Securities Exchange Commission (SEC).

File Date Tran Date Form Ticker Security Code 10b5-1 Shares Remaining Shares Percent
Change
Share
Price
Tran
Value
Remaining
Value
2025-09-02 2025-08-29 4 DOCU DOCUSIGN, INC.
Common Stock
M - Exercise 729 6,783 12.04
2025-05-30 2025-05-29 4 DOCU DOCUSIGN, INC.
Common Stock
M - Exercise 1,069 6,054 21.44
2025-03-03 2025-02-28 4 DOCU DOCUSIGN, INC.
Common Stock
M - Exercise 1,068 4,985 27.27
2025-01-13 2025-01-10 4 DOCU DOCUSIGN, INC.
Common Stock
S - Sale -10,000 150,253 -6.24 91.26 -912,600 13,712,089
2024-12-03 2024-11-29 4 DOCU DOCUSIGN, INC.
Common Stock
M - Exercise 1,068 3,917 37.49
2024-08-29 2024-08-29 4 DOCU DOCUSIGN, INC.
Common Stock
M - Exercise 1,068 2,849 59.97
2024-05-30 2024-05-29 4 DOCU DOCUSIGN, INC.
Common Stock
M - Exercise 998 1,781 127.46
2024-04-10 2024-04-09 4 DOCU DOCUSIGN, INC.
Common Stock
S - Sale -15,000 783 -95.04 60.00 -900,000 46,980
2024-03-01 2024-02-29 4 DOCU DOCUSIGN, INC.
Common Stock
M - Exercise 997 15,783 6.74
2023-11-30 2023-11-30 4 DOCU DOCUSIGN, INC.
Common Stock
M - Exercise 997 14,786 7.23
2023-08-31 2023-08-31 4 DOCU DOCUSIGN, INC.
Common Stock
M - Exercise 997 13,789 7.79
2023-06-01 2023-05-31 4 DOCU DOCUSIGN, INC.
Common Stock
M - Exercise 672 12,792 5.54
2023-03-06 2023-03-03 4 DOCU DOCUSIGN, INC.
Common Stock
M - Exercise 671 12,120 5.86
2022-12-05 2022-12-03 4 DOCU DOCUSIGN, INC.
Common Stock
M - Exercise 671 11,449 6.23
2022-09-07 2022-09-03 4 DOCU DOCUSIGN, INC.
Common Stock
M - Exercise 671 10,778 6.64
2022-06-01 2022-05-28 4 DOCU DOCUSIGN, INC.
Common Stock
M - Exercise 279 10,107 2.84
2022-03-01 2022-02-28 4 DOCU DOCUSIGN, INC.
Restricted Stock Units
M - Exercise -279 279 -50.00
2022-03-01 2022-02-28 4 DOCU DOCUSIGN, INC.
Common Stock
M - Exercise 279 9,828 2.92
2021-11-30 2021-11-28 4 DOCU DOCUSIGN, INC.
Restricted Stock Units
M - Exercise -279 558 -33.33
2021-11-30 2021-11-28 4 DOCU DOCUSIGN, INC.
Common Stock
M - Exercise 279 9,549 3.01
2021-10-08 2021-10-07 4 DOCU DOCUSIGN, INC.
Common Stock
S - Sale -2,500 65,558 -3.67 266.91 -667,275 17,498,086
2021-10-08 2021-10-07 4 DOCU DOCUSIGN, INC.
Common Stock
S - Sale -6,250 160,253 -3.75 266.91 -1,668,188 42,773,128
2021-08-30 2021-08-28 4 DOCU DOCUSIGN, INC.
Restricted Stock Units
M - Exercise -278 837 -24.93
2021-08-30 2021-08-28 4 DOCU DOCUSIGN, INC.
Common Stock
M - Exercise 278 9,270 3.09
2021-06-09 2021-06-08 4 DOCU DOCUSIGN, INC.
Common Stock
S - Sale -69 68,058 -0.10 241.69 -16,677 16,449,067
2021-06-09 2021-06-08 4 DOCU DOCUSIGN, INC.
Common Stock
S - Sale -4,931 68,127 -6.75 240.98 -1,188,277 16,417,306
2021-06-09 2021-06-08 4 DOCU DOCUSIGN, INC.
Common Stock
S - Sale -2,000 166,503 -1.19 241.63 -483,261 40,232,203
2021-06-09 2021-06-08 4 DOCU DOCUSIGN, INC.
Common Stock
S - Sale -10,500 168,503 -5.87 241.14 -2,531,923 40,632,055
2021-06-02 2021-05-28 4 DOCU DOCUSIGN, INC.
Restricted Stock Units
A - Award 1,115 1,115
2021-06-02 2021-05-28 4 DOCU DOCUSIGN, INC.
Restricted Stock Units
M - Exercise -358 0 -100.00
2021-06-02 2021-05-28 4 DOCU DOCUSIGN, INC.
Common Stock
M - Exercise 358 8,992 4.15
2021-03-02 2021-02-28 4 DOCU DOCUSIGN, INC.
Restricted Stock Units
M - Exercise -358 358 -50.00
2021-03-02 2021-02-28 4 DOCU DOCUSIGN, INC.
Common Stock
M - Exercise 358 8,634 4.33
2020-12-22 2020-12-21 4 DOCU DOCUSIGN, INC.
Common Stock
S - Sale X -336 73,058 -0.46 249.36 -83,786 18,218,072
2020-12-22 2020-12-21 4 DOCU DOCUSIGN, INC.
Common Stock
S - Sale X -904 73,394 -1.22 248.51 -224,652 18,239,062
2020-12-22 2020-12-21 4 DOCU DOCUSIGN, INC.
Common Stock
S - Sale X -1,375 74,298 -1.82 247.44 -340,236 18,384,639
2020-12-22 2020-12-21 4 DOCU DOCUSIGN, INC.
Common Stock
S - Sale X -300 75,673 -0.39 245.67 -73,700 18,590,336
2020-12-22 2020-12-21 4 DOCU DOCUSIGN, INC.
Common Stock
S - Sale X -499 75,973 -0.65 244.17 -121,840 18,550,251
2020-12-22 2020-12-21 4 DOCU DOCUSIGN, INC.
Common Stock
S - Sale X -400 76,472 -0.52 241.96 -96,784 18,503,165
2020-12-22 2020-12-21 4 DOCU DOCUSIGN, INC.
Common Stock
S - Sale X -752 76,872 -0.97 241.21 -181,389 18,542,180
2020-12-22 2020-12-21 4 DOCU DOCUSIGN, INC.
Common Stock
S - Sale X -1,072 179,003 -0.60 249.37 -267,327 44,638,408
2020-12-22 2020-12-21 4 DOCU DOCUSIGN, INC.
Common Stock
S - Sale X -2,606 180,075 -1.43 248.38 -647,289 44,727,749
2020-12-22 2020-12-21 4 DOCU DOCUSIGN, INC.
Common Stock
S - Sale X -3,218 182,681 -1.73 247.50 -796,459 45,213,785
2020-12-22 2020-12-21 4 DOCU DOCUSIGN, INC.
Common Stock
S - Sale X -725 185,899 -0.39 246.23 -178,517 45,774,097
2020-12-22 2020-12-21 4 DOCU DOCUSIGN, INC.
Common Stock
S - Sale X -500 186,624 -0.27 245.10 -122,548 45,740,796
2020-12-22 2020-12-21 4 DOCU DOCUSIGN, INC.
Common Stock
S - Sale X -1,170 187,124 -0.62 244.02 -285,502 45,661,849
2020-12-22 2020-12-21 4 DOCU DOCUSIGN, INC.
Common Stock
S - Sale X -400 188,294 -0.21 242.70 -97,079 45,698,483
2020-12-22 2020-12-21 4 DOCU DOCUSIGN, INC.
Common Stock
S - Sale X -900 188,694 -0.47 241.82 -217,635 45,629,360
2020-12-22 2020-12-21 4 DOCU DOCUSIGN, INC.
Common Stock
S - Sale X -1,295 189,594 -0.68 240.96 -312,037 45,683,698
2020-11-30 2020-11-29 4 DOCU DOCUSIGN, INC.
Restricted Stock Units
M - Exercise -358 716 -33.33
2020-11-30 2020-11-29 4 DOCU DOCUSIGN, INC.
Common Stock
M - Exercise 358 8,276 4.52
2020-09-28 2020-04-20 4 DOCU DOCUSIGN, INC.
Common Stock
J - Other -21,747 3 -99.99
2020-09-22 2020-09-21 4 DOCU DOCUSIGN, INC.
Common Stock
S - Sale X -371 77,624 -0.48 205.00 -76,055 15,912,990
2020-09-22 2020-09-21 4 DOCU DOCUSIGN, INC.
Common Stock
S - Sale X -507 77,995 -0.65 203.99 -103,421 15,909,880
2020-09-22 2020-09-21 4 DOCU DOCUSIGN, INC.
Common Stock
S - Sale X -1,000 78,502 -1.26 202.67 -202,668 15,909,843
2020-09-22 2020-09-21 4 DOCU DOCUSIGN, INC.
Common Stock
S - Sale X -900 79,502 -1.12 201.48 -181,335 16,018,325
2020-09-22 2020-09-21 4 DOCU DOCUSIGN, INC.
Common Stock
S - Sale X -588 80,402 -0.73 199.32 -117,200 16,025,727
2020-09-22 2020-09-21 4 DOCU DOCUSIGN, INC.
Common Stock
S - Sale X -600 80,990 -0.74 197.52 -118,514 15,997,412
2020-09-22 2020-09-21 4 DOCU DOCUSIGN, INC.
Common Stock
S - Sale X -200 81,590 -0.24 195.10 -39,021 15,918,617
2020-09-22 2020-09-21 4 DOCU DOCUSIGN, INC.
Common Stock
S - Sale X -200 81,790 -0.24 193.84 -38,767 15,853,765
2020-09-22 2020-09-21 4 DOCU DOCUSIGN, INC.
Common Stock
S - Sale X -200 81,990 -0.24 191.05 -38,210 15,664,190
2020-09-22 2020-09-21 4 DOCU DOCUSIGN, INC.
Common Stock
S - Sale X -1,133 190,889 -0.59 204.86 -232,111 39,106,360
2020-09-22 2020-09-21 4 DOCU DOCUSIGN, INC.
Common Stock
S - Sale X -1,200 192,022 -0.62 204.14 -244,965 39,198,891
2020-09-22 2020-09-21 4 DOCU DOCUSIGN, INC.
Common Stock
S - Sale X -1,423 193,222 -0.73 203.08 -288,982 39,239,446
2020-09-22 2020-09-21 4 DOCU DOCUSIGN, INC.
Common Stock
S - Sale X -2,544 194,645 -1.29 202.23 -514,485 39,363,993
2020-09-22 2020-09-21 4 DOCU DOCUSIGN, INC.
Common Stock
S - Sale X -1,361 197,189 -0.69 201.02 -273,592 39,639,544
2020-09-22 2020-09-21 4 DOCU DOCUSIGN, INC.
Common Stock
S - Sale X -505 198,550 -0.25 199.71 -100,855 39,653,056
2020-09-22 2020-09-21 4 DOCU DOCUSIGN, INC.
Common Stock
S - Sale X -860 199,055 -0.43 198.70 -170,883 39,552,368
2020-09-22 2020-09-21 4 DOCU DOCUSIGN, INC.
Common Stock
S - Sale X -1,100 199,915 -0.55 197.76 -217,533 39,534,651
2020-09-22 2020-09-21 4 DOCU DOCUSIGN, INC.
Common Stock
S - Sale X -300 201,015 -0.15 196.46 -58,938 39,491,407
2020-09-22 2020-09-21 4 DOCU DOCUSIGN, INC.
Common Stock
S - Sale X -860 201,315 -0.43 195.52 -168,147 39,361,069
2020-09-22 2020-09-21 4 DOCU DOCUSIGN, INC.
Common Stock
S - Sale X -200 202,175 -0.10 193.76 -38,752 39,173,428
2020-09-22 2020-09-21 4 DOCU DOCUSIGN, INC.
Common Stock
S - Sale X -200 202,375 -0.10 192.66 -38,533 38,990,579
2020-09-22 2020-09-21 4 DOCU DOCUSIGN, INC.
Common Stock
S - Sale X -200 202,575 -0.10 191.04 -38,208 38,699,928
2020-09-01 2020-08-28 4 DOCU DOCUSIGN, INC.
Restricted Stock Units
M - Exercise -357 1,074 -24.95
2020-09-01 2020-08-28 4 DOCU DOCUSIGN, INC.
Common Stock
M - Exercise 357 7,918 4.72
2020-09-01 2020-07-07 4 DOCU DOCUSIGN, INC.
Common Stock
G - Gift -5,500 202,775 -2.64
2020-06-23 2020-06-22 4 DOCU DOCUSIGN, INC.
Common Stock
S - Sale X -600 82,190 -0.72 169.16 -101,496 13,903,260
2020-06-23 2020-06-22 4 DOCU DOCUSIGN, INC.
Common Stock
S - Sale X -1,258 82,790 -1.50 168.23 -211,633 13,927,762
2020-06-23 2020-06-22 4 DOCU DOCUSIGN, INC.
Common Stock
S - Sale X -1,298 84,048 -1.52 167.31 -217,168 14,062,071
2020-06-23 2020-06-22 4 DOCU DOCUSIGN, INC.
Common Stock
S - Sale X -1,010 85,346 -1.17 166.46 -168,125 14,206,695
2020-06-23 2020-06-22 4 DOCU DOCUSIGN, INC.
Common Stock
S - Sale X -400 86,356 -0.46 164.15 -65,660 14,175,337
2020-06-23 2020-06-22 4 DOCU DOCUSIGN, INC.
Common Stock
S - Sale X -800 208,275 -0.38 169.41 -135,530 35,284,388
2020-06-23 2020-06-22 4 DOCU DOCUSIGN, INC.
Common Stock
S - Sale X -2,989 209,075 -1.41 168.58 -503,872 35,244,902
2020-06-23 2020-06-22 4 DOCU DOCUSIGN, INC.
Common Stock
S - Sale X -4,630 212,064 -2.14 167.64 -776,172 35,550,345
2020-06-23 2020-06-22 4 DOCU DOCUSIGN, INC.
Common Stock
S - Sale X -2,867 216,694 -1.31 166.54 -477,456 36,087,157
2020-06-23 2020-06-22 4 DOCU DOCUSIGN, INC.
Common Stock
S - Sale X -200 219,561 -0.09 165.40 -33,080 36,315,389
2020-06-23 2020-06-22 4 DOCU DOCUSIGN, INC.
Common Stock
S - Sale X -400 219,761 -0.18 164.06 -65,622 36,052,891
2020-06-01 2020-05-29 4 DOCU DOCUSIGN, INC.
Restricted Stock Units
A - Award 1,431 1,431
2020-04-15 2019-07-23 4 DOCU DOCUSIGN, INC.
Common Stock
J - Other 28,676 86,756 49.37
2020-04-15 2019-07-23 4 DOCU DOCUSIGN, INC.
Common Stock
J - Other 45,406 220,161 25.98
2020-04-15 2019-07-23 4 DOCU DOCUSIGN, INC.
Common Stock
J - Other -119,488 21,750 -84.60
2020-03-24 2020-03-20 4 DOCU DOCUSIGN, INC.
Common Stock
J - Other 13,736 58,080 30.98
2020-03-24 2020-03-20 4 DOCU DOCUSIGN, INC.
Common Stock
J - Other 21,747 174,755 14.21
2020-03-24 2020-03-20 4 DOCU DOCUSIGN, INC.
Common Stock
J - Other -35,483 141,238 -20.08
2020-03-24 2020-03-20 4 DOCU DOCUSIGN, INC.
Common Stock
S - Sale X -4,566 44,344 -9.34 79.57 -363,317 3,528,452
2020-03-24 2020-03-20 4 DOCU DOCUSIGN, INC.
Common Stock
S - Sale X -11,886 153,008 -7.21 79.75 -947,908 12,202,388
2020-01-07 2020-01-03 4 DOCU DOCUSIGN, INC.
Common Stock
S - Sale -13,690 48,910 -21.87 74.84 -1,024,560 3,660,424
2020-01-07 2020-01-03 4 DOCU DOCUSIGN, INC.
Common Stock
S - Sale -12,939 164,894 -7.28 75.58 -977,965 12,463,134
2020-01-07 2020-01-03 4 DOCU DOCUSIGN, INC.
Common Stock
S - Sale -17,061 177,833 -8.75 75.12 -1,281,634 13,358,939
2020-01-07 2020-01-03 4 DOCU DOCUSIGN, INC.
Common Stock
J - Other 57,230 176,721 47.89
2020-01-07 2020-01-03 4 DOCU DOCUSIGN, INC.
Common Stock
J - Other -397,426 0 -100.00
2020-01-07 2020-01-03 4 DOCU DOCUSIGN, INC.
Common Stock
J - Other 397,426 397,426
2020-01-07 2020-01-03 4 DOCU DOCUSIGN, INC.
Common Stock
J - Other -1,817,812 0 -100.00
2019-07-11 2019-07-09 4 DOCU DOCUSIGN, INC.
Common Stock
S - Sale -7,000 62,600 -10.06 51.52 -360,661 3,225,340
2019-07-11 2019-07-09 4 DOCU DOCUSIGN, INC.
Common Stock
S - Sale -20,000 194,894 -9.31 51.52 -1,030,460 10,041,524
2019-07-11 2019-07-09 4 DOCU DOCUSIGN, INC.
Common Stock
S - Sale -514,532 1,817,812 -22.06 51.52 -26,510,232 93,659,128
2019-06-19 2019-06-17 4 DOCU DOCUSIGN, INC.
Common Stock
A - Award 3,791 7,561 100.56
2019-05-10 2019-04-09 4 DOCU DOCUSIGN, INC.
Common Stock
G - Gift -2,000 214,894 -0.92
2018-09-18 2018-09-18 4 DOCU DOCUSIGN INC
Common Stock
S - Sale -1,304,348 15,121,036 -7.94 55.00 -71,739,140 831,656,980
2018-09-18 3/A DOCU DOCUSIGN INC
Common Stock
6,458
2018-07-20 2018-07-18 4 DOCU DOCUSIGN INC
Common Stock
A - Award 3,770 106,813 3.66
2018-05-01 2018-05-01 4 DOCU DOCUSIGN INC
Series E Preferred Stock
C - Conversion -57,110 0 -100.00
2018-05-01 2018-05-01 4 DOCU DOCUSIGN INC
Series D Preferred Stock
C - Conversion -215,549 0 -100.00
2018-05-01 2018-05-01 4 DOCU DOCUSIGN INC
Series C Preferred Stock
C - Conversion -1,688,236 0 -100.00
2018-05-01 2018-05-01 4 DOCU DOCUSIGN INC
Series C Preferred Stock
C - Conversion -160 0 -100.00
2018-05-01 2018-05-01 4 DOCU DOCUSIGN INC
Serise B-1 Preferred Stock
C - Conversion -2,831,576 0 -100.00
2018-05-01 2018-05-01 4 DOCU DOCUSIGN INC
Series B-1 Preferred Stock
C - Conversion -9,439 0 -100.00
2018-05-01 2018-05-01 4 DOCU DOCUSIGN INC
Series B Preferred Stock
C - Conversion -12,378,326 0 -100.00
2018-05-01 2018-05-01 4 DOCU DOCUSIGN INC
Series B Preferred Stock
C - Conversion -9,438 0 -100.00
2018-05-01 2018-05-01 4 DOCU DOCUSIGN INC
Series A Preferred Stock
C - Conversion -51,706 0 -100.00
2018-05-01 2018-05-01 4 DOCU DOCUSIGN INC
Common Stock
S - Sale -858,327 16,425,384 -4.97 29.00 -24,891,483 476,336,136
2018-05-01 2018-05-01 4 DOCU DOCUSIGN INC
Common Stock
C - Conversion 57,110 103,043 124.33
2018-05-01 2018-05-01 4 DOCU DOCUSIGN INC
Common Stock
C - Conversion 215,549 17,283,711 1.26
2018-05-01 2018-05-01 4 DOCU DOCUSIGN INC
Common Stock
C - Conversion 1,688,236 17,068,162 10.98
2018-05-01 2018-05-01 4 DOCU DOCUSIGN INC
Common Stock
C - Conversion 160 45,933 0.35
2018-05-01 2018-05-01 4 DOCU DOCUSIGN INC
Common Stock
C - Conversion 2,831,576 15,379,926 22.57
2018-05-01 2018-05-01 4 DOCU DOCUSIGN INC
Common Stock
C - Conversion 9,439 45,773 25.98
2018-05-01 2018-05-01 4 DOCU DOCUSIGN INC
Common Stock
C - Conversion 12,378,326 12,548,350 7,280.34
2018-05-01 2018-05-01 4 DOCU DOCUSIGN INC
Common Stock
C - Conversion 9,438 36,334 35.09
2018-05-01 2018-05-01 4 DOCU DOCUSIGN INC
Common Stock
C - Conversion 52,839 170,024 45.09
2018-04-26 3 DOCU DOCUSIGN INC
Common Stock
170,977
2018-04-26 3 DOCU DOCUSIGN INC
Common Stock
261,266
2018-04-26 3 DOCU DOCUSIGN INC
Common Stock
170,977
2018-04-26 3 DOCU DOCUSIGN INC
Common Stock
261,266
2018-04-26 3 DOCU DOCUSIGN INC
Common Stock
170,977
2018-04-26 3 DOCU DOCUSIGN INC
Common Stock
261,266
P
Open market or private purchase of non-derivative or derivative security
S
Open market or private sale of non-derivative or derivative security
A
Grant, award, or other acquisition of securities from the company (such as an option)
C
Conversion of derivative
D
Sale or transfer of securities back to the company
F
Payment of exercise price or tax liability using portion of securities received from the company
G
Gift of securities by or to the insider
K
Equity swaps and similar hedging transactions
M
Exercise or conversion of derivative security received from the company (such as an option)
V
A transaction voluntarily reported on Form 4
J
Other (accompanied by a footnote describing the transaction)