Introduction

This page provides a comprehensive analysis of the known insider trading history of Aaron Anderson. Insiders are officers, directors, or significant investors in a company. It is illegal for insiders to make trades in their companies based on specific, non-public information. This does not mean it is illegal for them to make any trades in their own companies. However, they must report all trades to the SEC via a Form 4. Despite these restrictions, academic research suggests that insiders - in general - tend to outperform the market in their own companies.

Average Trade Profitability

The average trade profitability is the average return of all the open market purchases made by the insider in the last three years. To calculate this, we examine every open-market, unplanned purchase made by the insider, excluding all trades that were marked as part of a 10b5-1 trading plan. We then calculate the average performance of those trades over 3, 6, and 12 months, averaging each of those durations to generate a final performance metric for each trade. Finally, we average all of the performance metrics to calculate a performance metric for the insider. This list only includes insiders that have made at least three trades in the last two years.

If this insiders trade profitability is "N/A", then the insider either has not made any open-market purchases in the last three years, or the trades they’ve made are too recent to calculate a reliable performance metric.

Update Frequency: Daily

See the list of most profitable insider traders.

Companies with Reported Insider Positions

The SEC filings indicate Aaron Anderson has reported holdings or trades in the following companies:

Security Title Latest Reported Holdings
US:META / Meta Platforms, Inc. Chief Accounting Officer 5,701
US:PYPL / PayPal Holdings, Inc. VP, Chief Accounting Officer 11,637
How to Interpret the Charts

The following charts show the stock performance of securities subsequent to each open-market, non-planned trade made by Aaron Anderson. Non-planned trade are trades that were not made as part of a 10b5-1 trading plan. The stock performance is charted as cumulative percent change in share price. For example, if an insider trade was made on January 1, 2019, the chart will show the daily percent change of the security to the present day. If the share price were to go from $10 to $15 during this time, the cumulative percent change in share price would be 50%. A change in price from $10 to $20 would be 100%, and a change in price of $10 to $5 would be -50%.

Ultimately, we are trying to determine how closely the insider’s trades correlate to excess returns (positive or negative) in the share price in order to see if the insider is timing their trades to profit from insider information. Consider the situation where an insider was doing this. In this situation, we would expect either (a) positive returns after purchases, or (b) negative returns after sales. In the case of (a), the PURCHASE chart would show a series of upwardly sloping curves, indicating positive returns after each purchase transaction. In the case of (b), the SALE chart would show a series of downward sloping curves, indicating negative returns after each sale transaction.

However, this alone is not enough to draw conclusions. If, for example, the share price of the company was in a non-cyclical climb over many years, then we would expect all the post-purchase plots to be upwardly sloping. Likewise, non-cyclical declines over many years would result in downward sloping post-trade plots. Neither of these charts would suggest insider trading activity.

The strongest indicator would be a situation where the share price was extremely cyclical, and there were both positive signals in the PURCHASE chart and negative plots on the SALE chart. This situation would be highly suggestive of an insider that was timing trades to their financial advantage.

Insider Trading History

This table shows the complete list of insider trades made by Aaron Anderson as disclosed to the Securities Exchange Commission (SEC).

File Date Tran Date Form Ticker Security Code 10b5-1 Shares Remaining Shares Percent
Change
Share
Price
Tran
Value
Remaining
Value
2025-08-28 2025-08-26 4 META Meta Platforms, Inc.
Class A Common Stock
G - Gift -66 5,701 -1.14
2025-08-28 2025-08-26 4 META Meta Platforms, Inc.
Class A Common Stock
G - Gift -665 5,767 -10.34
2025-08-19 2025-08-15 4 META Meta Platforms, Inc.
Class A Common Stock
F - Taxes -1,050 6,432 -14.03 782.13 -821,236 5,030,660
2025-08-19 2025-08-15 4 META Meta Platforms, Inc.
Class A Common Stock
M - Exercise 331 7,482 4.63
2025-08-19 2025-08-15 4 META Meta Platforms, Inc.
Class A Common Stock
M - Exercise 333 7,151 4.88
2025-08-19 2025-08-15 4 META Meta Platforms, Inc.
Class A Common Stock
M - Exercise 1,450 6,818 27.01
2025-05-19 2025-05-15 4 META Meta Platforms, Inc.
Class A Common Stock
F - Taxes -1,051 5,368 -16.37 659.36 -692,987 3,539,444
2025-05-19 2025-05-15 4 META Meta Platforms, Inc.
Class A Common Stock
M - Exercise 331 6,419 5.44
2025-05-19 2025-05-15 4 META Meta Platforms, Inc.
Class A Common Stock
M - Exercise 333 6,088 5.79
2025-05-19 2025-05-15 4 META Meta Platforms, Inc.
Class A Common Stock
M - Exercise 1,451 5,755 33.71
2025-02-19 2025-02-15 4 META Meta Platforms, Inc.
Class A Common Stock
F - Taxes -892 4,304 -17.17 736.67 -657,110 3,170,628
2025-02-19 2025-02-15 4 META Meta Platforms, Inc.
Class A Common Stock
M - Exercise 332 5,196 6.83
2025-02-19 2025-02-15 4 META Meta Platforms, Inc.
Class A Common Stock
M - Exercise 1,450 4,864 42.47
2024-11-19 2024-11-18 4 META Meta Platforms, Inc.
Class A Common Stock
S - Sale X -731 3,414 -17.64 557.00 -407,167 1,901,598
2024-11-19 2024-11-15 4 META Meta Platforms, Inc.
Class A Common Stock
F - Taxes -885 4,145 -17.59 577.16 -510,787 2,392,328
2024-11-19 2024-11-15 4 META Meta Platforms, Inc.
Class A Common Stock
M - Exercise 333 5,030 7.09
2024-11-19 2024-11-15 4 META Meta Platforms, Inc.
Class A Common Stock
M - Exercise 1,450 4,697 44.66
2024-08-22 2024-08-20 4 META Meta Platforms, Inc.
Class A Common Stock
G - Gift -285 3,247 -8.07
2024-08-22 2024-08-20 4 META Meta Platforms, Inc.
Class A Common Stock
G - Gift -446 3,532 -11.21
2024-08-19 2024-08-15 4 META Meta Platforms, Inc.
Class A Common Stock
F - Taxes -885 3,978 -18.20 526.76 -466,183 2,095,451
2024-08-19 2024-08-15 4 META Meta Platforms, Inc.
Class A Common Stock
M - Exercise 333 4,863 7.35
2024-08-19 2024-08-15 4 META Meta Platforms, Inc.
Class A Common Stock
M - Exercise 1,450 4,530 47.08
2024-05-17 2024-05-15 4 META Meta Platforms, Inc.
Class A Common Stock
S - Sale X -35 3,080 -1.12 474.75 -16,616 1,462,230
2024-05-17 2024-05-15 4 META Meta Platforms, Inc.
Class A Common Stock
F - Taxes -885 3,115 -22.12 471.85 -417,587 1,469,813
2024-05-17 2024-05-15 4 META Meta Platforms, Inc.
Class A Common Stock
M - Exercise 332 4,000 9.05
2024-05-17 2024-05-15 4 META Meta Platforms, Inc.
Class A Common Stock
M - Exercise 1,451 3,668 65.45
2024-02-20 2024-02-15 4 META Meta Platforms, Inc.
Class A Common Stock
F - Taxes -730 2,217 -24.77 473.28 -345,494 1,049,262
2024-02-20 2024-02-15 4 META Meta Platforms, Inc.
Class A Common Stock
M - Exercise 1,450 2,947 96.86
2023-11-17 2023-11-15 4 META Meta Platforms, Inc.
Class A Common Stock
F - Taxes -719 1,497 -32.45 336.31 -241,807 503,456
2023-11-17 2023-11-15 4 META Meta Platforms, Inc.
Class A Common Stock
M - Exercise 1,450 2,216 189.30
2023-08-17 2023-08-15 4 META Meta Platforms, Inc.
Class A Common Stock
F - Taxes -719 766 -48.42 306.19 -220,151 234,542
2023-08-17 2023-08-15 4 META Meta Platforms, Inc.
Class A Common Stock
M - Exercise 1,450 1,485 4,142.86
2023-05-12 3 META Meta Platforms, Inc.
Class A Common Stock
35
2020-08-03 2020-07-31 4 PYPL PayPal Holdings, Inc.
Common Stock
S - Sale X -950 11,637 -7.55 194.65 -184,916 2,265,121
2020-08-03 2020-07-31 4 PYPL PayPal Holdings, Inc.
Common Stock
S - Sale X -2,065 12,587 -14.09 194.17 -400,970 2,444,071
2020-08-03 2020-07-31 4 PYPL PayPal Holdings, Inc.
Common Stock
S - Sale X -2,200 14,652 -13.05 192.83 -424,230 2,825,370
2020-08-03 2020-07-31 4 PYPL PayPal Holdings, Inc.
Common Stock
S - Sale X -1,788 16,852 -9.59 194.37 -347,539 3,275,570
2020-08-03 2020-07-31 4 PYPL PayPal Holdings, Inc.
Common Stock
S - Sale X -1,200 18,640 -6.05 193.15 -231,780 3,600,322
2020-08-03 2020-07-31 4 PYPL PayPal Holdings, Inc.
Common Stock
S - Sale X -1,000 19,840 -4.80 192.46 -192,462 3,818,452
2020-08-03 2020-05-15 4 PYPL PayPal Holdings, Inc.
Common Stock
G - Gift -1,345 20,840 -6.06
2020-03-03 2020-03-01 4 PYPL PayPal Holdings, Inc.
Restricted Stock Units -9
M - Exercise -1,478 2,954 -33.35
2020-03-03 2020-03-01 4 PYPL PayPal Holdings, Inc.
Restricted Stock Units -8
M - Exercise -943 943 -50.00
2020-03-03 2020-03-01 4 PYPL PayPal Holdings, Inc.
Restricted Stock Units -7
M - Exercise -1,415 1,414 -50.02
2020-03-03 2020-03-01 4 PYPL PayPal Holdings, Inc.
Restricted Stock Units -6
M - Exercise -3,032 0 -100.00
2020-03-03 2020-03-01 4 PYPL PayPal Holdings, Inc.
Restricted Stock Units -10
M - Exercise -806 1,611 -33.35
2020-03-03 2020-03-01 4 PYPL PayPal Holdings, Inc.
Restricted Stock Units - 11
A - Award 3,524 3,524
2020-03-03 2020-03-01 4 PYPL PayPal Holdings, Inc.
Common Stock
F - Taxes -3,720 21,947 -14.49 107.99 -401,723 2,370,057
2020-03-03 2020-03-01 4 PYPL PayPal Holdings, Inc.
Common Stock
M - Exercise 806 25,667 3.24
2020-03-03 2020-03-01 4 PYPL PayPal Holdings, Inc.
Common Stock
M - Exercise 1,478 24,861 6.32
2020-03-03 2020-03-01 4 PYPL PayPal Holdings, Inc.
Common Stock
M - Exercise 943 23,383 4.20
2020-03-03 2020-03-01 4 PYPL PayPal Holdings, Inc.
Common Stock
M - Exercise 1,415 22,440 6.73
2020-03-03 2020-03-01 4 PYPL PayPal Holdings, Inc.
Common Stock
M - Exercise 3,032 21,025 16.85
2020-03-03 2020-03-01 4 PYPL PayPal Holdings, Inc.
Common Stock
F - Taxes -2,098 17,993 -10.44 107.99 -226,563 1,943,064
2020-03-03 2020-03-01 4 PYPL PayPal Holdings, Inc.
Common Stock
A - Award 6,066 20,091 43.25
2020-02-19 2020-02-15 4 PYPL PayPal Holdings, Inc.
Common Stock
F - Taxes -685 14,025 -4.66 122.99 -84,248 1,724,935
2020-02-19 2020-02-15 4 PYPL PayPal Holdings, Inc.
Common Stock
A - Award 1,875 14,710 14.61
2019-12-05 2019-12-03 4 PYPL PayPal Holdings, Inc.
Common Stock
G - Gift -676 12,835 -5.00
2019-04-03 2019-04-01 4 PYPL PayPal Holdings, Inc.
Restricted Stock Units -5
M - Exercise -1,888 0 -100.00
2019-04-03 2019-04-01 4 PYPL PayPal Holdings, Inc.
Restricted Stock Units -4
M - Exercise -2,017 0 -100.00
2019-04-03 2019-04-01 4 PYPL PayPal Holdings, Inc.
Common Stock
F - Taxes -1,938 13,511 -12.54 105.55 -204,556 1,426,086
2019-04-03 2019-04-01 4 PYPL PayPal Holdings, Inc.
Common Stock
M - Exercise 1,888 15,449 13.92
2019-04-03 2019-04-01 4 PYPL PayPal Holdings, Inc.
Common Stock
M - Exercise 2,017 13,561 17.47
2019-03-05 2019-03-01 4 PYPL PayPal Holdings, Inc.
Restricted Stock Units -9
A - Award 4,432 4,432
2019-03-05 2019-03-01 4 PYPL PayPal Holdings, Inc.
Restricted Stock Units -8
M - Exercise -944 1,886 -33.36
2019-03-05 2019-03-01 4 PYPL PayPal Holdings, Inc.
Restricted Stock Units -7
M - Exercise -1,415 2,829 -33.34
2019-03-05 2019-03-01 4 PYPL PayPal Holdings, Inc.
Restricted Stock Units -6
M - Exercise -3,033 3,032 -50.01
2019-03-05 2019-03-01 4 PYPL PayPal Holdings, Inc.
Restricted Stock Units -10
A - Award 2,417 2,417
2019-03-05 2019-03-01 4 PYPL PayPal Holdings, Inc.
Common Stock
F - Taxes -3,569 11,544 -23.62 98.80 -352,617 1,140,547
2019-03-05 2019-03-01 4 PYPL PayPal Holdings, Inc.
Common Stock
M - Exercise 944 15,113 6.66
2019-03-05 2019-03-01 4 PYPL PayPal Holdings, Inc.
Common Stock
M - Exercise 1,415 14,169 11.09
2019-03-05 2019-03-01 4 PYPL PayPal Holdings, Inc.
Common Stock
M - Exercise 3,033 12,754 31.20
2019-03-05 2019-03-01 4 PYPL PayPal Holdings, Inc.
Common Stock
A - Award 4,120 9,721 73.56
2019-02-20 2019-02-15 4 PYPL PayPal Holdings, Inc.
Common Stock
F - Taxes -750 5,601 -11.81 94.91 -71,182 531,591
2019-02-20 2019-02-15 4 PYPL PayPal Holdings, Inc.
Common Stock
A - Award 2,043 6,351 47.42
2018-12-18 2018-12-15 4 PYPL PayPal Holdings, Inc.
Restricted Stock Units -3
M - Exercise -7,204 0 -100.00
2018-12-18 2018-12-15 4 PYPL PayPal Holdings, Inc.
Common Stock
F - Taxes -3,572 4,308 -45.33 85.92 -306,906 370,143
2018-12-18 2018-12-15 4 PYPL PayPal Holdings, Inc.
Common Stock
M - Exercise 7,204 7,880 1,065.68
2018-12-18 2018-12-06 4 PYPL PayPal Holdings, Inc.
Common Stock
G - Gift -676 676 -50.00
2018-12-18 2018-12-04 4 PYPL PayPal Holdings, Inc.
Common Stock
G - Gift -407 1,352 -23.14
2018-07-31 2018-07-27 4 PYPL PayPal Holdings, Inc.
Common Stock
S - Sale X -1,862 1,759 -51.42 90.08 -167,726 158,448
2018-07-31 2018-07-27 4 PYPL PayPal Holdings, Inc.
Common Stock
S - Sale X -2,900 3,621 -44.47 89.41 -259,278 323,739
2018-07-31 2018-07-27 4 PYPL PayPal Holdings, Inc.
Common Stock
S - Sale X -3,400 6,521 -34.27 88.46 -300,778 576,874
2018-07-31 2018-07-27 4 PYPL PayPal Holdings, Inc.
Common Stock
S - Sale X -8,900 9,921 -47.29 87.35 -777,396 866,579
2018-07-17 2018-07-15 4 PYPL PayPal Holdings, Inc.
Restricted Stock Units -2
M - Exercise -3,533 0 -100.00
2018-07-17 2018-07-15 4 PYPL PayPal Holdings, Inc.
Restricted Stock Units -1
M - Exercise -1,963 0 -100.00
2018-07-17 2018-07-15 4 PYPL PayPal Holdings, Inc.
Common Stock
F - Taxes -2,726 18,821 -12.65 87.99 -239,861 1,656,060
2018-07-17 2018-07-15 4 PYPL PayPal Holdings, Inc.
Common Stock
M - Exercise 1,963 21,547 10.02
2018-07-17 2018-07-15 4 PYPL PayPal Holdings, Inc.
Common Stock
M - Exercise 3,533 19,584 22.01
2018-04-02 2018-04-01 4 PYPL PayPal Holdings, Inc.
Restricted Stock Units -5
M - Exercise -1,889 1,888 -50.01
2018-04-02 2018-04-01 4 PYPL PayPal Holdings, Inc.
Restricted Stock Units -4
M - Exercise -2,017 2,017 -50.00
2018-04-02 2018-04-01 4 PYPL PayPal Holdings, Inc.
Common Stock
F - Taxes -1,452 16,051 -8.30 75.87 -110,163 1,217,789
2018-04-02 2018-04-01 4 PYPL PayPal Holdings, Inc.
Common Stock
M - Exercise 2,017 17,503 13.02
2018-04-02 2018-04-01 4 PYPL PayPal Holdings, Inc.
Common Stock
M - Exercise 1,889 15,486 13.89
2018-03-05 2018-03-01 4 PYPL PayPal Holdings, Inc.
Restricted Stock Units -8
A - Award 2,830 2,830
2018-03-05 2018-03-01 4 PYPL PayPal Holdings, Inc.
Restricted Stock Units -7
A - Award 4,244 4,244
2018-03-05 2018-03-01 4 PYPL PayPal Holdings, Inc.
Restricted Stock Units -6
M - Exercise -3,033 6,065 -33.34
2018-03-05 2018-03-01 4 PYPL PayPal Holdings, Inc.
Common Stock
F - Taxes -1,049 13,597 -7.16 78.64 -82,493 1,069,268
2018-03-05 2018-03-01 4 PYPL PayPal Holdings, Inc.
Common Stock
M - Exercise 3,033 14,646 26.12
2018-02-20 2018-02-16 4 PYPL PayPal Holdings, Inc.
Common Stock
S - Sale X -3,843 11,613 -24.86 77.98 -299,674 905,572
2018-02-20 2018-02-15 4 PYPL PayPal Holdings, Inc.
Common Stock
F - Taxes -2,105 15,456 -11.99 78.30 -164,811 1,210,128
2018-02-20 2018-02-15 4 PYPL PayPal Holdings, Inc.
Common Stock
A - Award 5,948 17,561 51.22
2018-02-06 2018-02-02 4 PYPL PayPal Holdings, Inc.
Common Stock
S - Sale X -6,867 11,613 -37.16 78.10 -536,284 906,927
2018-02-06 2018-02-02 4 PYPL PayPal Holdings, Inc.
Common Stock
S - Sale X -2,500 18,480 -11.92 77.14 -192,848 1,425,532
2017-12-19 2017-12-15 4 PYPL PayPal Holdings, Inc.
Restricted Stock Units -3
M - Exercise -7,204 7,204 -50.00
2017-12-19 2017-12-15 4 PYPL PayPal Holdings, Inc.
Common Stock
F - Taxes -3,218 20,980 -13.30 75.65 -243,442 1,587,137
2017-12-19 2017-12-15 4 PYPL PayPal Holdings, Inc.
Common Stock
M - Exercise 7,204 24,198 42.39
2017-08-15 2017-08-14 4 PYPL PayPal Holdings, Inc.
Common Stock
G - Gift -4,090 16,994 -19.40
2017-07-18 2017-07-15 4 PYPL PayPal Holdings, Inc.
Restricted Stock Units -2
M - Exercise -3,534 3,533 -50.01
2017-07-18 2017-07-15 4 PYPL PayPal Holdings, Inc.
Restricted Stock Units -1
M - Exercise -1,963 1,963 -50.00
2017-07-18 2017-07-15 4 PYPL PayPal Holdings, Inc.
Common Stock
F - Taxes -2,067 21,084 -8.93 57.16 -118,150 1,205,161
2017-07-18 2017-07-15 4 PYPL PayPal Holdings, Inc.
Common Stock
M - Exercise 1,963 23,151 9.26
2017-07-18 2017-07-15 4 PYPL PayPal Holdings, Inc.
Common Stock
M - Exercise 3,534 21,188 20.02
2017-04-04 2017-04-01 4 PYPL PayPal Holdings, Inc.
Restricted Stock Units -5
M - Exercise -1,889 3,777 -33.34
2017-04-04 2017-04-01 4 PYPL PayPal Holdings, Inc.
Restricted Stock Units -4
M - Exercise -2,018 4,034 -33.34
2017-04-04 2017-04-01 4 PYPL PayPal Holdings, Inc.
Common Stock
F - Taxes -1,469 16,978 -7.96 43.02 -63,196 730,394
2017-04-04 2017-04-01 4 PYPL PayPal Holdings, Inc.
Common Stock
M - Exercise 1,889 18,447 11.41
2017-04-04 2017-04-01 4 PYPL PayPal Holdings, Inc.
Common Stock
M - Exercise 2,018 16,558 13.88
2017-03-03 2017-03-01 4 PYPL PayPal Holdings, Inc.
Restricted Stock Units -6
A - Award 9,098 9,098
2016-12-19 2016-12-15 4 PYPL PayPal Holdings, Inc.
Restricted Stock Units -3
M - Exercise -7,205 14,408 -33.34
2016-12-19 2016-12-15 4 PYPL PayPal Holdings, Inc.
Common Stock
F - Taxes -2,708 14,540 -15.70 39.54 -107,074 574,912
2016-12-19 2016-12-15 4 PYPL PayPal Holdings, Inc.
Common Stock
M - Exercise 7,205 17,248 71.74
2016-11-02 2016-10-31 4 PYPL PayPal Holdings, Inc.
Common Stock
S - Sale X -2,644 10,043 -20.84 41.78 -110,466 419,597
2016-07-19 2016-07-15 4 PYPL PayPal Holdings, Inc.
Restricted Stock Units -2
M - Exercise -3,534 7,067 -33.34
2016-07-19 2016-07-15 4 PYPL PayPal Holdings, Inc.
Restricted Stock Units -1
M - Exercise -1,964 3,926 -33.34
2016-07-19 2016-07-15 4 PYPL PayPal Holdings, Inc.
Common Stock
F - Taxes -2,068 12,687 -14.02 39.09 -80,838 495,935
2016-07-19 2016-07-15 4 PYPL PayPal Holdings, Inc.
Common Stock
M - Exercise 3,534 14,755 31.49
2016-07-19 2016-07-15 4 PYPL PayPal Holdings, Inc.
Common Stock
M - Exercise 1,964 11,221 21.22
2016-04-05 2016-04-01 4 PYPL PayPal Holdings, Inc.
Restricted Stock Units -5
A - Award 5,666 5,666
2016-04-05 2016-04-01 4 PYPL PayPal Holdings, Inc.
Restricted Stock Units -4
M - Exercise -2,018 6,052 -25.01
2016-04-05 2016-04-01 4 PYPL PayPal Holdings, Inc.
Common Stock
F - Taxes -759 8,581 -8.13 39.40 -29,905 338,091
2016-04-05 2016-04-01 4 PYPL PayPal Holdings, Inc.
Common Stock
M - Exercise 2,018 9,340 27.56
2015-12-17 2015-12-15 4 PYPL PayPal Holdings, Inc.
Restricted Stock Units -3
M - Exercise -7,205 21,613 -25.00
2015-12-17 2015-12-15 4 PYPL PayPal Holdings, Inc.
Common Stock
F - Taxes -2,708 5,168 -34.38 36.32 -98,355 187,702
2015-12-17 2015-12-15 4 PYPL PayPal Holdings, Inc.
Common Stock
M - Exercise 7,205 7,876 1,073.77
2015-07-21 2015-07-17 4 PYPL PayPal Holdings, Inc.
Restricted Stock Units-1
A - Award 53,379 2,154 -104.20
2015-06-29 3 PYPL PayPal Holdings, Inc.
Common stock, par value $0.0001 per share
0
P
Open market or private purchase of non-derivative or derivative security
S
Open market or private sale of non-derivative or derivative security
A
Grant, award, or other acquisition of securities from the company (such as an option)
C
Conversion of derivative
D
Sale or transfer of securities back to the company
F
Payment of exercise price or tax liability using portion of securities received from the company
G
Gift of securities by or to the insider
K
Equity swaps and similar hedging transactions
M
Exercise or conversion of derivative security received from the company (such as an option)
V
A transaction voluntarily reported on Form 4
J
Other (accompanied by a footnote describing the transaction)